Blood microsampling,
without the venous draw.

A few microlitres of capillary blood, collected at home or at the point of care and returned to an accredited laboratory (the matrix that carries most of the menu, finally freed from the needle and the draw chair).

Defined

What is blood microsampling?

Blood microsampling is the precisely-metered collection of a small volume of capillary blood (typically tens of microlitres from a fingertip or upper arm) returned to an ISO 15189-accredited laboratory under documented chain of custody. It replaces the venous draw and the phlebotomy appointment with a device used at home or at the point of care, stabilisation matched to the analyte, and software that lands structured results in the lab.

It is the flagship of microsampling because blood carries the broadest clinical menu (routine chemistry, metabolic and cardiovascular markers, many hormones, drug levels and serology all live here). Move blood collection out of the clinic and most of the test catalogue moves with it.

A clinician applies an upper-arm capillary collection device
Collected where the patient is.
Why capillary changes the equation

The needle was
the bottleneck.

Clinic-and-needle dependency quietly caps everything downstream. It limits who enrols, how often you can sample, how diverse a cohort you can reach, and what each data point costs, and a large share of adults actively avoid blood draws. Capillary microsampling removes that ceiling.

01Reach & retention

No appointment, no travel, no phlebotomist. Recruitment widens to people a clinic footprint never reaches, and participants stay in because sampling fits their life.

02Frequency

A draw chair is a hard limit on how often you can measure. A home device makes serial and longitudinal sampling routine (trajectories, not snapshots).

03Cost & diversity

Stripping out the visit lowers the cost per sample and opens cohorts across geography and demographics that clinic-bound studies systematically miss.

Validated use is already published across at-home HbA1c, pediatric pharmacokinetics, therapeutic drug monitoring, anti-doping and decentralised trials, and remote programmes consistently report high sample-return compliance.

Two families

Dried or liquid.

Capillary blood travels to the lab in one of two forms, and the choice is governed by one question: does the assay tolerate drying, or does it need the sample intact? That single decision drives the whole logistics picture.

Dried, the defaultVAMS and dried blood spot. The sample dries on a tip or card and ships at ambient temperature (no cold chain, no ice, no excursion risk). The first choice wherever the analyte allows.
Liquid, where neededWhole capillary blood and at-home plasma separation. Kept intact for assays that don’t survive drying (needs handling and, where the assay requires it, controlled-temperature transport).
The trade-offDried removes the cold chain but constrains volume and analyte range; liquid preserves the whole sample but reintroduces handling. Most programmes are dried-first, liquid where the assay demands.

Dried blood microsampling →  ·  Liquid capillary blood →

What suits capillary

Most of the menu,
and what stays venous.

Honesty matters more than reach here. A large part of the routine catalogue is well-suited to validated capillary collection. A defined set of tests still belongs in a venous tube, and we say so up front.

Well-suited to capillaryStays venous, for now
Routine chemistry panelsCoagulation & clotting studies
HbA1c & glycaemic markersESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
Lipids & ApoBBlood cultures
Vitamin D & micronutrientsCellular morphology & blood film
Many hormonesLarge-volume or pooled assays
CRP & inflammatory markersTests needing whole-cell integrity
TDM & small-molecule panelsAnything requiring >1 mL serum/plasma

Suitability is established per analyte through method validation before any patient-facing reporting (the table is a guide to where capillary is strong, not a substitute for an assay-level decision with your laboratory).

How to choose

Dried vs liquid,
how to choose.

Start from the assay and work outward. The analyte’s stability when dried decides the family; volume needs and shipping reality settle the format.

DriedLiquid capillary
FormatsVAMS, dried blood spotWhole capillary, plasma-separated
Cold chainNone, ambientWhere the assay requires
VolumeMicrolitre, meteredLarger, whole sample
Best forTDM, HbA1c, screening, broad chemistryAssays that don’t survive drying
LogisticsStandard tracked returnHandling / controlled-temperature
Default?Yes, first choiceThe managed exception

As a rule: choose dried unless the analyte forces liquid. Dried removes the most expensive, most failure-prone part of remote collection (the cold chain) so it is the default, and liquid is reserved for assays that genuinely need an intact sample. See how we protect each →

The lab path

From a fingertip
to a signed result.

A home-collected sample is only clinical-grade if it arrives as the sample the patient gave. Every step carries identity, integrity and a record, the audit trail that lets a result be trusted for a medical decision.

01Collect & seal

The patient draws a metered capillary sample with the device, ID-matched and sealed tamper-evident at the moment of collection, with on-screen collection guidance to get it right first time.

02Stabilise & transit

Dried formats ship ambient by tracked return; liquid travels stabilised, controlled-temperature where the assay requires, every leg logged.

03Accession & report

An ISO 15189-accredited laboratory accessions the sample, runs the validated assay, and our software lands clean, structured results in your system.

Humans Nexus integrates accredited laboratories (we never run, or compete with, a lab). We provide the regulated kit, the clinical-grade logistics and the software that connect the patient to the laboratory you already trust.

Where the chain of custody begins.
Who it’s for

Whoever runs the test.

LaboratoriesExtend your blood menu to remote collection
Pharma & CRODecentralised trials with real adherence
Digital healthAdd blood diagnostics to your app
InsurersUnderwrite from real biomarkers

Infrastructure for healthcare and life sciences. Our partners reach the patient, and we never sell directly. Pharma & decentralised trials →

Good to know.

Is capillary blood as accurate as a venous draw?

For a validated panel, yes. Capillary and dried formats are designed to deliver clinical-grade results from microlitre volumes, with stabilisation and controlled-temperature transport protecting analyte integrity end to end. Suitability is established per analyte through method validation before any patient-facing reporting.

Which blood tests can be collected at home?

A large part of the routine menu (chemistry panels, HbA1c, lipids and ApoB, vitamin D, many hormones, CRP and therapeutic drug monitoring). A defined set still belongs in a venous tube: coagulation, ESR, blood cultures, cellular morphology and large-volume assays.

Should I choose dried or liquid?

Choose dried unless the analyte forces liquid. Dried formats (VAMS and dried blood spot) ship at ambient temperature with no cold chain and are the default. Liquid capillary is reserved for assays that need an intact sample, and may require controlled-temperature transport.

Does home blood collection need refrigeration?

Usually not. Dried formats are stable at ambient temperature by design and ship by standard tracked return. Liquid samples travel stabilised, with controlled-temperature transport applied only where the assay requires it.

Does Humans Nexus run the laboratory?

No. We integrate ISO 15189-accredited laboratories and never run or compete with a lab. We provide the regulated kit, clinical-grade logistics and the platform that connect the patient to the accredited laboratory.

How much blood does a microsample need?

Typically tens of microlitres, a fraction of a venous tube. The exact volume depends on the device and the assay; metered formats capture a fixed, known volume to support quantitation.

The evidence

The research library.

51 papers

Sample type

Collection format

Device

Topic

Access

Clinical Validation of Venetoclax Volumetric Microsampling in Leukemia, with Whole-Blood-to-Plasma Conversion and Self-Microsampling FeasibilityLevens et al. · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · 2026 · PaywalledIn AML and CLL, 91% of VAMS venetoclax results fell within ±20% of plasma once an individualised haematocrit correction was applied; among patients trying home collection, 18 of 21 sampled independently and 76% of returned samples were analysable (home self-microsampling proved feasible).
To Convert or Not to Convert? Official IATDMCT Guideline on Converting Capillary-Blood Microsampling Concentrations to Plasma ConcentrationsBoffel et al. · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · 2026 · PaywalledGuidance on capillary-to-plasma conversion: method- and analyte-specific clinical validation with paired capillary–venous samples before reporting plasma-equivalent results.
Case Studies on the Use of Patient-centric Sampling for Clinical Studies in Pharmaceutical Drug DevelopmentPatel et al. · The AAPS Journal · 2025 · PaywalledWorked case studies of patient-centric sampling deployed in pharmaceutical drug development (how sponsors have implemented it, rather than whether it is possible).
A Pharmacokinetic Study of Zavegepant Nasal Spray in Healthy Adults Comparing Conventional Venous Blood Sampling With Patient-Centric MicrosamplingShahin et al. · Clinical and Translational Science · 2025 · Open accessA head-to-head pharmacokinetic comparison of conventional venous sampling against patient-centric microsampling (exactly the bridging study regulators now expect before microsampled data supports an endpoint).Open-access full text (PDF)
Neoteryx Mitra
At-Home Self-Collection of Pharmacokinetic Data: Design and Results From a Phase 1 Open-Label Feasibility TrialRaoufinia et al. · Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development · 2025 · Open accessA phase 1 trial designed around participant self-collection of pharmacokinetic samples at home, with video training and pre-assembled kits (evidence that the model is a training and logistics package, not only a device).Open-access full text (PDF)
The economic evidence for microsampling to support therapeutic drug monitoring: A systematic reviewCarland et al. · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · 2025 · PaywalledA systematic review of the published economic evidence for microsampling in therapeutic drug monitoring (the single most direct answer to what remote collection costs against conventional phlebotomy).
Advancing Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Oral Targeted Anticancer Drugs: From Hospital-Based Towards Home-SamplingMeertens et al. · Biomedical Chromatography · 2025 · Open accessA review of the transition from hospital-based to home sampling for oral targeted anticancer drug monitoring.Open-access full text (PDF)
Comparing Participant Experiences of at-Home and Hospital-Based Biological Sampling: Cross-Sectional Insights From the SIREN StudyLut et al. · Health Science Reports · 2025 · Open accessA direct comparison of participant experience between at-home and hospital-based sampling within a large UK healthcare-worker cohort.Open-access full text (PDF)
Evaluating blood sampling strategies within the SIREN study: the experience from a large cohort of healthcare workers in the UKHettiarachchi et al. · BMC Medical Research Methodology · 2025 · Open accessAn evaluation of blood sampling strategies across a large UK healthcare-worker cohort study, covering how sampling approach affected participation.Open-access full text (PDF)
Fertility
Larger-volume capillary blood sampling is a valid alternative to assess progesterone and 17β-estradiol for cycle phase identificationSchlie et al. · Frontiers in Physiology · 2025 · Open accessCapillary samples of 100–250 µL taken alongside venous draws twice weekly across a full menstrual cycle agreed closely for progesterone and 17β-estradiol (concordance 0.911 and 0.919, minimal bias) (accurate enough to classify cycle phase and to flag anovulatory or luteal-phase-deficient cycles). The capillary blood was taken from the earlobe, so this validates the matrix and the volume rather than any one collection device.Open-access full text (PDF)
YourBio
Comparing capillary blood collection technologies: patient experience, device performance and clinical accuracyCollier et al. · Bioanalysis · 2025 · PaywalledA head-to-head of four upper-arm capillary devices (incl. TAP Micro Select) versus fingerstick and venous: experience and performance varied by device with none clearly superior, while analyte correlations with venous were similar across all.
Evaluation of a Simplified Upper-Arm Device for Vacuum-Assisted Collection of Capillary BloodSchaff et al. · Diagnostics · 2025 · Open accessA vacuum-assisted upper-arm device collected a mean 538 µL and met the volume target in 85.5% of cases; 17 of 19 analytes met CLIA agreement with venous, with pain lower than fingerstick.Open-access full text (PDF)
Comparison of capillary and venous plasma lipidomes: validation of self-collected blood for plasma lipidomicsHameed et al. · J. Lipid Research · 2025 · Open accessPlasma lipidomes from self-collected upper-arm capillary blood were statistically indistinguishable from paired venous plasma (most classes r=0.95–0.99) (validating at-home capillary self-collection for lipidomics).Open-access full text (PDF)
Patient Centric Microsampling to Support Paxlovid Clinical Development: Bridging and ImplementationWan et al. · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · 2024 · PaywalledAt-home capillary microsampling carried pharmacokinetic sampling across the Paxlovid phase II/III programme, with fewer than 3% of more than 800 samples unusable, and the resulting data supported the Emergency Use Authorization and subsequent FDA approval (remotely collected samples accepted in a registrational filing).
Clinical validation of two volumetric absorptive microsampling devices to support home-based therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressionLeino et al. · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · 2024 · PaywalledHead-to-head clinical validation of two VAMS devices for tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid, with roughly 86–88% of samples within ±20% of venous.
Using Dried Blood Spots to Quantitatively Detect Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies by ELISA: A Validation StudyYlade et al. · American J. Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · 2024 · Open accessDBS achieved 100% sensitivity, 99% specificity and ~97% concordance versus paired serum (the strength of the classic card for ratio/threshold serology).Open-access full text (PDF)
PediatricsYourBio
Transdermal blood sampling for C-peptide is a minimally invasive, reliable alternative to venous sampling in children and adults with type 1 diabetesBesser et al. · Diabetes Care · 2024 · Open accessIn 91 children and adults, capillary C-peptide taken with the TAP device matched venous sampling with 100% sensitivity and specificity for a clinically relevant level (≥200 pmol/L; r = 0.996). 63% preferred it to a needle against 7% who preferred the needle, and same-day bruising was 5.5% versus 34.8% after a venous draw.Open-access full text (PDF)
Feasibility, acceptability and safety of a device for self-collecting capillary blood in clinical trialsDasari et al. · PLOS ONE · 2024 · Open accessIn at-home and trial settings, a wet capillary device reliably collected a median ~450 µL with a 4.4% failure rate; 88% of adults preferred self-collection over venipuncture, with lower pain.Open-access full text (PDF)
PediatricsNeoteryx Mitra
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tacrolimus Based on VAMS in Renal Transplant Pediatric Recipients — LC-MS/MS Method, Hematocrit Effect, and Clinical ApplicationKocur et al. · Pharmaceutics · 2023 · Open accessA validated VAMS LC-MS/MS tacrolimus method in pediatric kidney-transplant recipients correlated strongly with the reference method, with minimal haematocrit impact.Open-access full text (PDF)
Pediatrics
VAMS and parallel-reaction-monitoring mass spectrometry for tacrolimus trough measurements at home in paediatric heart-transplant patientsZhao et al. · J. Mass Spectrometry and Advances in the Clinical Lab · 2023 · Open accessAt-home VAMS tacrolimus sampling showed no significant difference from clinic venipuncture, with stability through postal shipping and strong family acceptance.Open-access full text (PDF)
Analytical and Clinical Validation of Assays for VAMS of Drugs in Different Blood Matrices: A Literature ReviewNugraha et al. · Molecules · 2023 · Open accessA structured review: many VAMS assays are analytically validated and can substitute for venous sampling for well-characterised analytes, though clinical-validation depth varies.Open-access full text (PDF)
Clinical validation and feasibility of VAMS for monitoring of nilotinib, cabozantinib, dabrafenib, trametinib and ruxolitinibZimmermann et al. · J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · 2023 · PaywalledVAMS matched serum for the kinase inhibitors nilotinib, cabozantinib, dabrafenib and ruxolitinib (r 0.94–0.97; serum reliably predictable for the first three), and 93% of at-home samples were collected correctly (at-home VAMS shown feasible for routine cancer-drug monitoring).
Pediatrics
VAMS and dried plasma spot for antifungal triazole agents (voriconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole) in pediatric patients by LC-MS/MSSimeoli et al. · J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · 2023 · PaywalledIn children, VAMS and dried plasma spot voriconazole, posaconazole and isavuconazole correlated with fresh plasma (Spearman 0.82–0.94) and stayed stable at room temperature for at least 14 days (refrigeration-free antifungal TDM in paediatrics).
Neoteryx Mitra
Quantification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and D3 in Mitra devices (VAMS) by UHPLC-HRMS for regular vitamin D status monitoringTuma et al. · J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · 2023 · PaywalledA UHPLC-HRMS assay quantified 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and D3 from 20 µL Mitra VAMS samples with accuracy under 10% and precision under 11% (LOQ 5 ng/mL) (sensitive enough to flag deficiency and simple enough for untrained self-collection, enabling year-round vitamin-D monitoring).
VAMS-based blood capillary sampling for mass-spectrometry-based human metabolomics studiesVolani et al. · Metabolites · 2023 · Open accessCapillary VAMS blood covered more of the metabolome than plasma (capturing intracellular red-cell metabolites) and correlated moderately-to-well with venous (Spearman 0.66); the honest caveats are higher finger-prick replicate variability and a need for −80 °C storage within six hours.Open-access full text (PDF)
YourBio
Maximizing microsampling: measurement of comprehensive metabolic and lipid panels using a novel capillary blood collection deviceCollier et al. · The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine · 2023 · PaywalledTAP II capillary serum (both professionally collected and self-collected) correlated with venous serum at R > 0.9 for eight analytes including ALT, AST, cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides. Creatinine correlated acceptably but carried a consistent negative bias, and carbon dioxide, potassium and albumin did not reach acceptable agreement: the useful reading is that the panel has to be validated, not the device alone.
Capillary blood stability and analytical accuracy of 12 analytes stored in MicrotainersFontaine & Saez · Practical Laboratory Medicine · 2023 · Open accessFingerstick blood self-collected into BD Microtainer tubes and posted at ambient temperature for 24 h agreed acceptably with paired serum for 11 of 12 analytes (HbA1c, lipids, creatinine, urea, urate, liver enzymes and total protein) with only AST falling outside limits.Open-access full text (PDF)
Leveraging patient-centric sampling for clinical drug development and decentralized clinical trials: Promise to realityMaass et al. · Clinical and Translational Science · 2022 · Open accessAn IQ Consortium position paper from sponsor scientists positioning patient-centric sampling as the enabling technology for decentralised trials, and stating that a bridging study against conventional sampling “has quickly been established as a regulatory expectation”.Open-access full text (PDF)
The societal impact of implementing an at-home blood sampling device for chronic care patients: patient preferences and cost impactLingervelder et al. · BMC Health Services Research · 2022 · Open accessA combined patient-preference and cost analysis of an at-home blood sampling device in chronic care, covering both what patients choose and what the shift costs the system.Open-access full text (PDF)
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Using Dried Blood MicrosamplesVerougstraete et al. · Frontiers in Oncology · 2022 · Open accessA review of dried blood microsampling for tyrosine kinase inhibitor monitoring, covering the analytical and clinical requirements for moving oral cancer-drug TDM out of hospital.Open-access full text (PDF)
A VAMS UPLC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Tacrolimus, Mycophenolic Acid and Creatinine in Whole Blood of Renal Transplant RecipientsWang et al. · Pharmaceutics · 2022 · Open accessA single VAMS run quantified two immunosuppressants plus creatinine with minimal haematocrit effect (combined drug-and-organ-function monitoring from one dried tip).Open-access full text (PDF)
Neoteryx Mitra
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Immunosuppressive Drugs — From Sampling and Analytical Issues to Clinical ApplicationKocur & Pawiński · Int. J. Molecular Sciences · 2022 · Open accessA review positioning VAMS as state-of-the-art for immunosuppressant TDM: a fixed, accurate blood volume with a reduced haematocrit effect, home sampling and better adherence, especially in paediatric transplant (while flagging higher unit cost and a need for multicentre validation and cross-lab harmonisation before routine use).Open-access full text (PDF)
PediatricsYourBio
Durability of anti-spike antibodies in infants after maternal COVID-19 vaccination or natural infectionShook, Edlow et al. · JAMA · 2022 · Open accessThe paper records that the TAP II devices used for the infant draws were provided by YourBio Health, and that capillary serum was collected from babies as young as two months (the smallest patients sampled, without a heel prick or a venepuncture).Open-access full text (PDF)
YourBio
Remote self-collection of upper-arm capillary blood for autoantibody analysis in immune-mediated rheumatic diseasesZarbl et al. · RMD Open · 2022 · Open accessPatients self-collected upper-arm capillary blood with press-activated devices (incl. TAP II); autoantibody and CRP results agreed with venous (r≥0.98), were rated less painful, and 98.6% got enough blood within two attempts.Open-access full text (PDF)
Accuracy and tolerability of capillary self-sampling for inflammation and autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trialKnitza et al. · Arthritis Research & Therapy · 2022 · Open accessCapillary self-sampling gave CRP and autoantibody values nearly identical to venous (ICC 0.97–0.998), was less painful, and the upper-arm route drew far higher acceptance and willingness to sample at home.Open-access full text (PDF)
Pediatrics
Comparison of antibiotic sampling techniques: predicting plasma vancomycin from VAMS capillary versus venous/arterial whole bloodDownes et al. · Open Forum Infect. Dis. (IDWeek) · 2021 · Open accessThe honest counterpoint in children: VAMS predicted plasma vancomycin only modestly, venous/arterial VAMS was more accurate than capillary, and 29% of capillary samples were unusable for collection issues (collection technique and training matter as much as the assay).Open-access full text (PDF)
Neoteryx Mitra
Antibody-mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and human coronaviruses: multiplex beads assay and VAMS to generate immune-repertoire cartographyWang et al. · Frontiers in Immunology · 2021 · Open accessFully remote, home-collected fingerstick VAMS (Mitra) samples from 54 participants measured IgG/IgA/IgM against spike and nucleocapsid across seven coronaviruses, cleanly separating pre-pandemic, convalescent and vaccinated groups (supporting VAMS for at-home serosurveillance).Open-access full text (PDF)
Neoteryx Mitra
Volumetric absorptive microsampling: its use in COVID-19 research and testingRudge · Bioanalysis · 2021 · Open accessA pandemic review of VAMS (Mitra): remotely self-collected home microsamples were shown to be as accurate as in-clinic samples for serology, keeping studies running when travelling to a clinic became risky.Open-access full text (PDF)
The evolving role of microsampling in therapeutic drug monitoring of monoclonal antibodies in inflammatory diseasesMingas et al. · Molecules · 2021 · Open accessA review of microsampling (VAMS and DBS) for TDM of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (adalimumab, infliximab and others) in inflammatory disease: a convenient, home-friendly alternative to venepuncture that can preserve analytical accuracy, subject to assay-specific validation.Open-access full text (PDF)
Monitoring of Adalimumab Concentrations at Home in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using Dried Blood SamplesBerends et al. · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · 2020 · PaywalledAt-home dried blood sampling used for adalimumab concentration monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease (biologic TDM performed by the patient).
Opportunities and obstacles for microsampling techniques in bioanalysis: special focus on DBS and VAMSLondhe & Rajadhyaksha · J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · 2020 · PaywalledA review contrasting the formats (framing the haematocrit effect, non-uniform spreading and homogeneity limits of DBS as the problems volumetric sampling is designed to solve).
Dried blood samples can support monitoring of infliximab concentrations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A clinical validationBerends et al. · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · 2019 · Open accessA clinical validation showing dried blood samples can support infliximab concentration monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease.Open-access full text (PDF)
Analysis of the heterogeneous distribution of amiloride and propranolol in dried blood spot by UHPLC-FLD and MALDI-imagingUribe et al. · Molecules · 2019 · Open accessImaging shows analytes distribute non-uniformly within a single spot (one central, one peripheral) (so where a sub-punch is taken can change the answer).Open-access full text (PDF)
Official IATDMCT Guideline: Development and Validation of Dried Blood Spot-Based Methods for Therapeutic Drug MonitoringCapiau et al. · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · 2019 · PaywalledThe consensus guideline defining the analytical- and clinical-validation requirements for dried-blood TDM (the standardisation reference for implementing a dried assay clinically).
YourBio
Quantitative metabolomics comparison of traditional blood draws and TAP capillary blood collectionCatala et al. · Metabolomics · 2018 · PaywalledMetabolomics of TAP capillary blood matched venous draws for most metabolites (amino acids, bile acids, acyl-carnitines r≥0.95); a small redox/energy subset differed with collection dynamics.
Dried blood spots from finger prick facilitate therapeutic drug monitoring of adalimumab and anti-adalimumab in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseasesKneepkens et al. · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · 2017 · PaywalledFinger-prick dried blood spots supported monitoring of both adalimumab and anti-adalimumab antibodies in inflammatory rheumatic disease (biologic TDM without a venous draw).
Clinical feasibility of dried blood spots: analytics, validation, and applicationsEnderle, Foerster & Burhenne · J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · 2016 · PaywalledA review of clinical DBS across TDM, metabolic monitoring and trials, arguing that analytical and clinical validation must be obligatory before clinical use.
Does volumetric absorptive microsampling eliminate the hematocrit bias for caffeine and paraxanthine in dried blood samples? A comparative studyDe Kesel, Lambert & Stove · Analytica Chimica Acta · 2015 · PaywalledVAMS eliminated the variable haematocrit bias seen with DBS, but a residual haematocrit-dependent recovery effect persisted at high haematocrit (the nuance that assays still need per-analyte validation).
New microfluidic-based sampling procedure for overcoming the hematocrit problem associated with dried blood spot analysisLeuthold et al. · Analytical Chemistry · 2015 · PaywalledThe foundational quantitative-DBS work: a microfluidic layer meters a controlled 5–10 µL onto a standard card in seconds, targeting the haematocrit problem at source.
Neoteryx Mitra
Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling: A Dried Sample Collection Technique for Quantitative BioanalysisDenniff & Spooner · Analytical Chemistry · 2014 · PaywalledThe foundational VAMS paper: a fixed ~10 µL is absorbed with under 5% volume variation across a 20–70% haematocrit range, overcoming the area bias and homogeneity problems of the dried blood spot.
Hemato-critical issues in quantitative analysis of dried blood spots: challenges and solutionsDe Kesel et al. · Bioanalysis · 2013 · PaywalledThe canonical review of the haematocrit effect (decomposing it into recovery bias, matrix effects, spot-size/homogeneity variation and analyte-distribution bias).

External links open an open-access full text where one exists, otherwise the publisher or PubMed record. These citations describe the published evidence for the collection formats and devices (not claims about specific Humans Nexus assays, which are validated per analyte and per laboratory).

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